Micropenis
What is a Micropenis?
Micropenis is a clinical term used to describe a very
small penis. In an ideal world (where we didn’t assume
that being too far from a norm is automatically cause
for concern) being born with a very small penis would
not be considered a medical problem unless the penis was
causing pain, or not functioning the way a newborn penis
should. However, because we do associate health at birth
with a variety of norms, infants born with very small
penises can be labeled as in need of medical attention.
People born with micropenises that either received no
treatment, or received treatment that had no effect, can
go through puberty and move into adulthood and still
have a micropenis. The generally accepted definition of
a micropenis is a penis that is “more than 2.5 standard
deviations” below the average penis length for the age
of the individual. This is just a statistical term that
means a certain length away from average, based on the
average penis size in the population.
Despite the fact that researchers disagree on what
constitutes and average penis size, a micropenis is
considered in newborns to be around 3 /4 of an inch (1.9
centimeters) in length, and in adults to be less than
2.8 inches (7 centimeters) in length when flaccid and
stretched.
Why do some people have
Micropenises?
Micropenises are the result of a difference in fetal
development. Most often the cause of a micropenis is
chromosomal and hormonal, and results from some problem
in either the making of, or body’s response to,
androgen. Research on fetal development suggests that
there are two stages of penile development in fetuses.
The first happens early in fetal development is when
androgen triggers the development of the penis and
scrotum from its undifferentiated state. The second,
which happens later on in fetal development, occurs when
androgen influences the further growth of the penis. It
is thought that a micropenis is the result of the first
stage happening but not the second (so the penis looks
like most penises, but it is much smaller).
Because the term micropenis is really just a descriptive
one, there could be many reasons someone is born with a
micropenis. As many as a third of people born with a
micropenis don’t fit into an easily identifiable
category to explain the cause of it.
Many adult men who think they have a micropenis would
not fit the clinical diagnosis. If you are concerned
that you may have a micropenis the easiest first step
would be to talk with your doctor.
Can you have sex with a Micropenis?
You can absolutely have sex with a micropenis. For adult
men who have true micropenises this may be a huge
concern. The first thing to point out is that if you
want, you can have great sex without a penis at all. So
regardless of size, sex is still out there.
In terms of the sexual functioning and response of the
micropenis itself, reports vary. Certainly many men who
have micropenises report having satisfying sexual
intercourse as well. There haven’t been many studies,
but one reported that 75% of men with micropenises
reported satisfying sexual intercourse. Yet another
recent study which examined the nighttime erections of
men with micropensises found them to be different from
men without micropenises. Again, I would suggest that
sexual satisfaction and functioning are not categories
to be left to “researchers” alone, and how you feel
about it is more important than what laboratory research
can tell us.
Is there treatment for a Micropenis?
Given the society we live in, where a man’s worth is
measured by the size of everything from his car to his
income to his penis, it’s not surprising that many men
think a small penis is, by definition, a broken penis.
But this isn’t the case. If you are an adult with a
micropenis the “treatment” may be more about accepting
that your body is okay, and can give you the same amount
of pleasure as other bodies than any more significant
intervention.
Definition of Micro penis- A very small penis
Micropenis, also known as microphallus, is a penis that
is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean (average) for
the age and race of the child. This definition
translates to a stretched penis length of less than
1.9cm (3/4 inch) long at birth and can be described as a
micropenis. Statistically, micropenis occurs in 0.6% of
the population.
Lack of development of sexual organs and penis size
There are many reasons why the penis may not develop.
Very early in the development of the human male or
female fetus differences in the genitalia cannot be
detected, even though the sex chromosomes XX (in most
females) and XY (in most males) have put down the basic
building blocks. It is hormones produced by the gonads
determined by the sex chromosomes that then determine
which organs develop and which ones disappear. The same
tissue that forms the clitoris in the female forms into
a penis in males, the tissue that makes the scrotum in
the male makes the labia in the female. Because of the
complexity of fetal development things can and do go
wrong. Therefore it should be no surprise that things
can go wrong in the development of the sex organs.
Getting the best advice about Micropenis
As a parent, advice and treatment options should be
discussed with a specialist medical team made up of
pediatricians, urologists, endocrinologists, geneticists
and radiologists very soon after the birth of the child.
Tests will need to be carried out to see if the gender
of the baby can be determined. Treatment and management
options need to be discussed that result in the best
possible outcome for the child. The family need to be
supported and informed. Changes in the way micropenis is
treated by the medical expert’s means that it is worth
getting more that one opinion to make sure all avenues
have been explored if the treatment is complex or has
lasting implications for the infant.
Causes of micropenis- Very small penis
The central role here is chromosomes and hormones as the
deciding factors of the male or femaleness of the fetus
and baby. Micropenis occurs when these systems fail to
work properly. There are many different possible causes
and problems with penis growth can start the after 14
weeks of fetal growth.
Micropenis is often due to inadequate testosterone in
2nd and 3rd trimester of fetal growth. There may be a
genetic cause. Although there is no gene per se that
causes micro penis, there are a number of associated
syndromes. An example is androgen insensitivity, where
the fetus started as a male but was insensitive to
testosterone (the male hormone), or syndromes caused by
chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter’s
Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome or Down’s Syndrome.The
medical team can investigate the many possible causes
and carry out tests that will inform future management
and treatment.
Cultural & social issues of maleness & the penis
The
range of things that can go wrong in the external
genitalia and the way the penis may look and function,
is an area bound up with images of maleness (or
femaleness). The penis is so central to sexuality and
sexual satisfaction that it has even influenced medical
treatment. Since the mid 1950s and until quite recently,
a child with a micropenis would be surgically realigned
to a female and hormones given to enhance that change.
Many would argue that the decision was underpinned by
the idea that was essentially, culturally and socially
led, that a man must have a ‘normal’ penis size to be a
man. Size really did seem to matter.
The medical establishment has responded to the changing
attitudes on gender and sex, social and cultural issues,
increased genetic information and medical advances,
research and from information from relevant pressure and
support groups. Treatment options are no longer as
straight forward as they used to be. Society does expect
male or female. If a child waits until it is old enough
to make a decision there is obviously the potential for
confusion, upset, teasing and bullying. A great deal of
thoughtful and emotional support will be required
What are the symptoms of Micropenis?
While each child may experience symptoms differently, the most common finding with micropenis is an infant penis size that is less than 1.9 centimeters when stretched gently. In some cases, low sperm count, resulting in infertile
How is Micropenis Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is usually made by physical examination. Your
child may then be referred to several specialists
including a pediatric urologist (a physician who
specializes in the in disorders and care of the urinary
tract and the male genital tract) and a pediatric
endocrinologist (a physician who specializes in
hormones).
Research & Micro Penis
Although research in this complex area is relatively
lacking, there have been a few long term studies that
have found that most boys raised as boys have strong
male identity. Most end up as sexually active and enjoy
sex and satisfy their partners. More comprehensive
research is needed to give a clearer picture of people’s
lives who have micropenis, or who have had treatment
decided for them, been assigned gender with or without
surgery.
Treatment
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